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Research Notes on the Creative Industries
Defining Creative Industries
The "creative" approach Creative industries is defined as "those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property". Creative industries include "advertising, architecture, the art and antiques market, crafts, design, designer fashion, film and video, interactive leisure software, music, the performing arts, publishing, software and computer services, television and radio." (Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001) The "copyright" approach "We divide the copyright industries into four groups. The first group is the core copyright industries, those industries that primarily create copyrighted works or produce copyright-protected materials. The core industries include newspapers and periodicals, book publishing and related industries, music publishing, radio and television broadcasting, cable television, records and tapes, motion pictures, theatrical productions, advertising and computer software and data processing." "The second group comprises the partial copyright industries, a disparate collection of industries, only part of whose products are copyrighted materials. These industries range from fabric to business forms to architecture. The third group, distribution, includes the industries that distribute copyrighted materials to businesses and consumers. Examples include transportation services, libraries, and wholesale and retail trade involved in the distribution of copy-righted products. The fourth group involves the copyright-related industries, those that produce and distribute products that are used wholly or principally in conjunction with copyrighted materials, such as computers, radios, televisions, and consumer recording and listening devices. We refer to the four groups together — core, partial, distribution, and related — as the total copyright industries. (Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy, The 2002 Report) Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001 (UK), Creative industries in New Zealand: Economic contribution and Creative Industries in Hong Kong use the "creative" approach. Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy, The 2002 Report and The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries use the "copyright" approach. Creative Industries Cluster Study, Stage One Report (Australia) and Creative Industry Development Strategy (Singapore) use a "hybrid" approach. The "cultural" approach Some studies use the terms "creative industries" and "cultural industries" almost inter-changeably. In my opinion, "cultural industries" is a subset of "creative industries". Hartley and Cunningham (in Creative Industries: From Blue Poles to Fat Pipes), argue that "creative industries" combine - and then radically transform - two existing terms: the "creative arts" and the "cultural industries". The creative cluster and the three approaches In Economic Contributions of Singapore's Creative Industries (MTI, Economic Survey of Singapore, 1Q 2003), the authors provide a graph (re-produced below) to show the relationship between the three different approaches.  Useful References: Empirical Studies UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport: Creative Industries Creative Industries Economic Estimates August 2004 (DCMS) ﹣Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001 (DCMS) ﹣Creative Industries Mapping Document 1998 (DCMS) ﹣ Culture and Creativity: The Next 10 Years - aka Culture and Creativity Green Paper (DCMS) ﹣Creative Industries Fact File (DCMS) ﹣Creative Industries Economic Estimates Statistical Bulletin July 2003 (DCMS) Creative Industries in the UK (Invest-UK) London Development Agency: The Mayor's Commission on the Creative Industries - Creativity: London's Core Business (Mayor of London) US International Intellectual Property Alliance ﹣Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy (Stephen E. Siwek, Economists Incorporated. The 2002 Report is the latest edition) Australia Creative Industries Cluster Study, a joint effort by the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts and the The National Office for the Information Economy (with emphasis on digital content) ﹣Stage Three Reports: --- The Measurement of Creative Digital Content --- The Role of Government Agencies as Market Place Participants in Digital Content Markets --- Economic Benefits from Cultural Assets --- Research and Innovation Systems in Production of Digital Content --- Access to Overseas Markets for Australia's Creative Digital Industry The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries (Allen Consulting Group) Brisbane's Creative Industries 2003 (CIRAC for Brisbane City Council) New Zealand Developing creative industries in New Zealand (New Zealand Trade & Enterprise) ﹣Creative industries in New Zealand: Economic contribution (NZ Institute of Economic Research) ﹣The Big Idea, an online community of New Zealand's creative industries Singapore ﹣Creative Industry Development Strategy (Work Group on Creative Industries, ERC) Economic Contributions of Singapore's Creative Industries (Economic Survey of Singapore, 1Q 2003) Creative Industries (Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts) ﹣Investing in Singapore's Cultural Capital (MITA Green Paper) Hong Kong Developing Cultural and Creative Industries (HKSAR Chief Executive's Policy Address 2005) Baseline Study on Hong Kong's Creative Industries (Centre for Cultural Policy Research of the University of Hong Kong, for the HKSAR Government Central Policy Unit) Public conference: Creative Industries, Creative Hong Kong (HKSAR Government Central Policy Unit) Creative Industries in Hong Kong (HK Trade Development Council) Introduction to Creative Industries: The Case of United Kingdom and Implementation Strategies in Hong Kong (HK Arts Development Council) 研究簡報：香港的文化藝術行業統計 (香港藝術發展局) Hong Kong The Servicing Economy, June 2003 Issue: Creative Industries (Hong Kong Coalition of Service Industries) Taiwan 文化創意產業發展計畫 (文建會) 文化．創意．產業 - 十年來台灣文化政策中的「產業」發展 (于國華，5/03)
Useful References: Conceptual Analysis Beyond Productivity: Information, Technology, Innovation, and Creativity (Mitchell, Inouye, Blumenthal (eds), Committee on Information Technology and Creativity, National Research Council) ﹣America's Cultural Capital: Recommendations for Structuring the Federal Role (Center for Arts and Culture) ﹣Creativity, Culture, Education, and the Workforce (Ann M. Galligan) ﹣From the Information Economy to the Creative Economy: Moving Culture to the Center of International Public Policy (Shalini Venturelli) Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre (CIRAC) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) - The Evolving Creative Industries: From Original Assumptions to Contemporary Interpretations + accompanying slides (Stuart Cunningham, CIRAC) - Beyond ad hocery: Defining Creative Industries (Terry Flew, QUT) - From Cultural to Creative Industries: Theory, Industry and Policy Implications (Stuart Cunningham) - Creative Industries: From Blue Poles to Fat Pipes (Hartley & Cunningham) The Rise of the Creative Class (Richard Florida, The Washington Monthly, 5/02). See also his own website which bears the same name: The Rise of the Creative Class and which, not surprisingly, is also the title of his bestseller. 什麼是文化創意產業？ - 文化產業的時代意義 (劉維公，5/03) 文化創意產業之界定之探討 (劉大和，28/1/03)
Useful References: Miscellaneous Financial Times Special Report: Creative Business Creative Exports, a British Council and Trade Partners UK initiative R&D Strategy for Creative Industries - A Discussion Paper (FRST New Zealand, 8/03) Developing Hong Kong's creative industries - An action-oriented strategy (HK General Chamber of Commerce, 3/03) 台灣的下一個繁榮 發展創意產業的3個理由與2個策略 (詹宏志 ，《數位時代雙週》，15/5/03) 創意產業＆失業率 (詹宏志 ，《數位時代雙週》，1/1/03)
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Last updated: 25 August 2005. Maintained by Joseph Tsang 曾錫堯
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